芳香寡肽纳米管的制备、性质与应用

芳香寡肽纳米管是一类具有广阔应用前景的新型纳米材料,已经在纳米研究领域逐渐兴起。综述了芳香寡肽纳米管的发现、制备方法(溶剂诱导与技术手段引导)、性质、生长机理及应用,提出了存在的问题及解决对策,并展望了今后的研究方向。     

Fate of aromatic hydrocarbons in Italian municipal wastewater systems: An overview of wastewater treatment using conventional activated-sludge processes (CASP) and membrane bioreactors (MBRs)

We studied the occurrence, removal, and fate of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 23 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Italian municipal wastewater treatment systems in terms of their common contents and forms, and their apparent and actual removal in both conventional activated-sludge processes (CASP) and membrane bioreactors (MBRs). We studied five representative full-scale CASP treatment plants (design capacities of 12 000 to 700 000 population-equivalent), three of which included MBR systems (one full-scale and two pilot-scale) operating in parallel with the conventional systems. We studied the solid-liquid partitioning and fates of these substances using both conventional samples and a novel membrane-equipped automatic sampler. Among the VOCs, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, styrene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and 4-chlorotoluene were ubiquitous, whereas naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, and phenanthrene were the most common PAHs. Both PAHs and aromatic VOCs had removal efficiencies of 40-60% in the headworks, even in plants without primary sedimentation. Mainly due to volatilization, aromatic VOCs had comparable removal efficiencies in CASP and MBRs, even for different sludge ages. MBRs did not enhance the retention of PAHs sorbed to suspended particulates compared with CASPs. On the other hand, the specific daily accumulation of PAHs in the MBR’s activated sludge decreased logarithmically with increasing sludge age, indicating enhanced biodegradation of PAHs. The PAH and aromatic VOC contents in the final effluent are not a major driver for widespread municipal adoption of MBRs, but MBRs may enhance the biodegradation of PAHs and their removal from the environment.     

Organocatalytic Radical Involved Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of N‐Hydroxyphthalimide with Benzylic and Allylic Hydrocarbons

The cross‐coupling reaction between N‐hydroxyphthalimide and various benzylic and allylic hydrocarbons was realized through an organocatalytic radical‐mediated process involving C(sp³) O bond formation using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BuOOH) as an oxidant and tetra‐n‐butylammonium iodide [(n‐Bu]₄NI] as a catalyst, during which the phthalimide N‐oxyl (PINO) radical and benzylic and allylic radicals were generated in situ and underwent the selective radical/radical cross‐coupling reaction. This novel method provides a convenient metal‐free approach to the synthesis of O‐alkylated hydroxy imides under mild reaction conditions.

     

芳烃、环烷烃分子在MFI和FAU分子筛中扩散行为的分子模拟

 应用分子模拟技术计算了不同芳烃和环烷烃分子最低能量构象的分子尺寸(a×b×c),并计算了其在 MFI、FAU 分子筛中的扩散能垒。计算结果表明,分子的最小截面尺寸(a×b)与扩散能垒相关。苯、萘、环戊烷、环己烷分子可以在 MFI 分子筛中扩散,其它多环芳烃、多环环烷烃分子均很难扩散。分子在 MFI 直孔道中扩散比在正弦孔道中容易。FAU 分子筛由于孔径尺寸较大,分子在其孔道内扩散比在 MFI 孔道中容易,而两超笼间的十二元环会限制芘、全氢芘及比之更大的分子在 FAU 孔道中扩散。从计算结果可以推断,催化裂化原料中的重油大分子只有先在分子筛或其他活性材料表面一次裂化成一定尺寸的小分子,才能扩散进入 MFI、FAU 分子筛晶内发生进一步反应。     

芳烃联合装置低温热的回收与利用

介绍了中国石油化工股份有限公司镇海炼化分公司芳烃联合装置低温热的回收和利用情况,通过对装置内歧化甲苯塔、重整油分馏塔和异构化脱庚烷塔等分馏塔顶流程的优化改造,利用低温余热,输出热水资源并靠提高除氧水温度增加自产蒸汽量,实现了芳烃联合装置内部、芳烃联合装置与炼油装置之间的低温热联合利用,装置能耗下降了1.26GJ/t,每...     

基于支持向量机算法的芳烃抽提装置生产优化模型研究

将适合小样本数据建模的支持向量机算法（包括支持向量分类算法SVC和支持向量回归算法SCR）用于某石化公司芳烃抽提装置优化建模,建立了装置优化目标与有关工艺参数间的定性、定量模型。结果表明,抽余油中芳烃含量SVC模型的分类和预测正确率皆为100%;SVR模型对抽余油中芳烃含量的拟合与预报的均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.072和0.060;抽余油中芳烃含量的SVR模型对128个训练集及32个测试集拟合和预测的R2和q2分别为0.820和0.867。应用所建优化模型,制定了装置生产优化方案,优化后抽余油中芳烃质量分数从0.82%降至0.74%,下降了9.8%。     

汽油烃组成对汽车排放的影响

使用不同烃组成的6种汽油分别在满足国III、国IV排放标准的车型上进行了I型、IV型和VI型排放试验,研究了汽油烯烃、芳烃含量对常温冷启动后、低温冷启动后尾气排放和蒸发排放的影响。结果表明,汽油组成对排放的影响与汽车技术密切相关,满足国IV排放标准的车型上,当芳烃体积分数为35%、油品烯烃体积分数控制在25%时,HC,CO,NOx三种排放物较低;芳烃含量对排放的影响与发动机技术相关,但基本上呈现出芳烃含量较低时排放也较低的趋势;总蒸发排放物随油品烯烃含量增加而增加;油品的非烷烃类烃含量（即烯烃含量与芳烃含量之和）越高,车辆低温冷起动后HC、CO排放越高。     

塔河油田超稠油混合掺稀降黏实验研究

塔河油田超稠油的开采关键在于降黏,实践证明掺稀降黏是塔河超稠油开采的有效方法,但稀油与稠油在井底混合均匀程度不高,使得降黏效果与室内实验差距较大。研究发现,在掺稀油时掺入少量混合芳烃可提高掺稀降黏效果。实验结果表明,在静态下混合芳烃对塔河超稠油有良好的溶解能力,掺入混合芳烃能够显著降低超稠油黏度,且降黏效果好于单一掺稀油效果,同时又可节约稀油资源。     

环保芳烃油Vivatec 500在轮胎胎面胶中的应用

研究环保芳烃油Vivatec500在斜交轮胎胎面胶中的应用,并与普通高芳烃油和环烷轻度抽出油进行对比。结果表明:环保芳烃油Vivatec500的多环芳烃化合物含量满足欧盟2005/69/EC指令的环保标准要求,各项理化性质接近普通高芳烃油;与环烷轻度抽出油胶料相比,环保芳烃油Vivatec500胶料的门尼焦烧时间、硫化速率和物理性能更接近普通高芳烃油胶料;使用环保芳烃油Vivatec500的成品轮胎性能与使用普通高芳烃油的生产轮胎接近,满足使用要求。     

裂解C9资源研究进展

文章就裂解C9资源综合利用技术的国内外发展进行了概括,从而体现了裂解C9资源发展的趋势以及展望。